希特勒真的是民主选举出来的吗？ / Was Hitler Democratically Elected?

Was Hitler Really Democratically Elected?

你的问题

Your Question

希特勒也是民主选举出来的，他是在什么背景下被选择的呢？

Hitler was also chosen through democracy. Under what background did this happen?

当时参与投票的基督徒多吗？

Did many Christians vote in those elections?

还是因为许多基督徒放弃了投票，他才得以上台？

Or did Hitler come to power because many Christians did not vote?

一、首先需要纠正一个常见说法

First, We Need to Correct a Common Statement

严格地说，希特勒并不是由德国人民直接选举成为总理的。

Strictly speaking, the German people did not directly elect Hitler as chancellor.

1932年，希特勒参加德国总统选举，但他输给了兴登堡。

In 1932, Hitler ran for president of Germany, but he lost to Paul von Hindenburg.

后来，纳粹党在国会选举中成为第一大党，但从未在自由的全国选举中获得过超过半数的选票。

Later, the Nazi Party became the largest party in parliament, but it never won more than half the vote in a free national election.

在1932年7月的国会选举中，纳粹党获得约37.3%的选票。

In the July 1932 parliamentary election, the Nazi Party received about 37.3 percent of the vote.

在1932年11月的下一次选举中，纳粹党的支持率反而下降到约33.1%。

In the next election in November 1932, Nazi support actually fell to about 33.1 percent.

1933年1月30日，是总统兴登堡任命希特勒担任总理，而不是希特勒在一次总理直选中获胜。

On January 30, 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor; Hitler did not win a direct election for chancellor.

二、希特勒是在什么背景下上台的？

Under What Conditions Did Hitler Come to Power?

1. 第一次世界大战失败与民族羞辱

1. Defeat in World War I and National Humiliation

德国在第一次世界大战中战败。

Germany was defeated in World War I.

《凡尔赛条约》给德国带来了领土损失、军事限制和沉重的赔款。

The Treaty of Versailles brought territorial losses, military restrictions, and heavy reparations upon Germany.

许多德国人认为自己的国家受到了羞辱。

Many Germans believed that their nation had been humiliated.

希特勒利用这种愤怒，承诺恢复德国的尊严和力量。

Hitler used this anger and promised to restore Germany’s dignity and power.

2. 经济危机与大量失业

2. Economic Crisis and Mass Unemployment

1929年以后，世界经济大萧条严重打击了德国。

After 1929, the Great Depression severely damaged Germany.

企业倒闭，银行发生危机，大量工人失业。

Businesses failed, banks faced crises, and large numbers of workers became unemployed.

许多人失去了对温和政党和民主政府的信任。

Many people lost confidence in moderate parties and democratic government.

研究显示，经济衰退和政府紧缩措施与极端主义支持率的上升密切相关。

Research shows that economic hardship and government austerity were closely associated with rising support for extremist parties.

3. 对共产主义的恐惧

3. Fear of Communism

当时德国共产党也迅速发展。

At that time, the German Communist Party was also growing rapidly.

许多中产阶级、地主、企业家和保守派人士害怕发生像俄国革命一样的共产主义革命。

Many middle-class citizens, landowners, business leaders, and conservatives feared a communist revolution like the Russian Revolution.

希特勒把自己包装成阻挡共产主义的强人。

Hitler presented himself as the strong leader who could stop communism.

一些保守派基督徒因此认为，纳粹主义虽然危险，却可能比共产主义更容易接受。

Some conservative Christians therefore believed that Nazism, although dangerous, might be more acceptable than communism.

这是一个严重的判断错误。

This was a serious error in judgment.

4. 民主制度长期失灵

4. Long-Term Failure of Democratic Government

魏玛共和国的政党非常分裂。

The political parties of the Weimar Republic were deeply divided.

国会很难组成稳定的多数政府。

Parliament found it difficult to form a stable majority government.

政府越来越多地依靠总统的紧急命令治理，而不是正常的国会程序。

The government increasingly ruled through presidential emergency decrees instead of normal parliamentary procedures.

许多人因此认为民主软弱、缓慢而且无效。

Many people therefore came to believe that democracy was weak, slow, and ineffective.

5. 纳粹宣传、谎言和政治暴力

5. Nazi Propaganda, Lies, and Political Violence

纳粹党非常善于使用群众大会、广播、海报和简单口号。

The Nazi Party was highly skilled in using mass rallies, radio, posters, and simple slogans.

他们向不同群体作出不同承诺。

They made different promises to different groups.

他们把德国的问题归咎于犹太人、共产党人、民主派和其他少数群体。

They blamed Germany’s problems on Jews, communists, democrats, and other minorities.

纳粹冲锋队还使用街头暴力，恐吓政治对手并破坏社会秩序。

Nazi stormtroopers also used street violence to intimidate political opponents and destabilize society.

纳粹不是单纯依靠和平民主讨论取得权力的。

The Nazis did not gain power only through peaceful democratic debate.

他们同时使用选举、宣传、暴力和政治阴谋。

They used elections, propaganda, violence, and political scheming together.

6. 保守政治精英以为可以控制希特勒

6. Conservative Elites Thought They Could Control Hitler

1932年底，纳粹党的选票已经下降。

By the end of 1932, the Nazi Party’s vote had already declined.

希特勒并不是在不可阻挡地继续上升。

Hitler was not continuing to rise in an unstoppable way.

但一些保守派政治人物认为，可以任命希特勒为总理，然后利用他的群众支持，同时把他控制在内阁之中。

However, some conservative politicians believed that they could appoint Hitler as chancellor, use his mass support, and then control him inside the cabinet.

他们严重低估了希特勒。

They seriously underestimated Hitler.

因此，希特勒上台不仅是选民造成的，也是政治精英错误交易和错误计算的结果。

Therefore, Hitler’s rise was caused not only by voters, but also by political elites making disastrous bargains and calculations.

三、当时基督徒是否大量放弃投票？

Did Large Numbers of Christians Refuse to Vote?

没有充分证据表明，希特勒主要是因为基督徒大量弃权才上台。

There is not sufficient evidence that Hitler rose mainly because Christians stayed home and refused to vote.

事实正好相反：1932年7月国会选举的投票率约为83.4%，属于很高的投票率。

In fact, turnout in the July 1932 parliamentary election was about 83.4 percent, which was very high.

因此，这不是一次因为大多数人不投票而让少数极端分子轻易获胜的低投票率选举。

Therefore, this was not a low-turnout election in which a small extremist minority easily won because most people stayed home.

许多基督徒确实参与了投票。

Many Christians did vote.

而且其中相当一部分人直接投给了纳粹党。

A significant number of them voted directly for the Nazi Party.

所以，更准确的问题不是“基督徒为什么不投票”，而是“为什么许多自认是基督徒的人会投票支持纳粹”。

The more accurate question is not, “Why did Christians fail to vote?” but, “Why did many people who identified as Christians vote for the Nazis?”

四、当时德国几乎所有人都自称基督徒

Almost All Germans Identified as Christian

1933年，德国约有六千万人口。

In 1933, Germany had a population of about sixty million.

大约四千万人属于新教教会。

About forty million belonged to Protestant churches.

大约两千万人属于罗马天主教会。

About twenty million belonged to the Roman Catholic Church.

犹太人口不到全国人口的百分之一。

The Jewish population was less than one percent of the nation.

因此，纳粹获得的数千万张选票，不可能主要来自无宗教人士。

Therefore, the millions of Nazi votes could not have come mainly from nonreligious people.

它们主要来自名义上属于基督教社会的人。

They came mainly from people who formally belonged to a Christian society.

五、新教徒和天主教徒的投票表现并不相同

Protestant and Catholic Voting Patterns Were Different

新教地区

Protestant Areas

历史研究普遍发现，新教徒比天主教徒更有可能投票给纳粹党。

Historical research generally finds that Protestants were more likely than Catholics to vote for the Nazi Party.

纳粹党在德国北部和东部的乡村新教地区表现尤其突出。

The Nazi Party performed especially well in rural Protestant areas of northern and eastern Germany.

许多新教选民原本支持保守民族主义政党，后来转向纳粹党。

Many Protestant voters had previously supported conservative nationalist parties and later moved toward the Nazis.

一些人被民族主义、反共产主义、权威主义以及所谓“保卫基督教德国”的口号吸引。

Some were attracted by nationalism, anticommunism, authoritarianism, and slogans about “defending Christian Germany.”

天主教地区

Catholic Areas

天主教徒整体上更少投票给纳粹党。

Catholics as a group were less likely to vote for the Nazi Party.

一个重要原因是，天主教徒拥有比较稳固的政党组织，例如中央党。

One important reason was that Catholics had a stronger political organization, especially the Centre Party.

教会、社区和政党之间的联系，使许多天主教选民较少转向纳粹。

The connection between church, community, and political party made many Catholic voters less likely to move toward the Nazis.

但这并不表示天主教徒完全没有支持希特勒。

But this does not mean that Catholics never supported Hitler.

后来，一些天主教政治领袖也作出了妥协，并参与了使希特勒巩固权力的政治决定。

Later, some Catholic political leaders also compromised and took part in political decisions that helped Hitler consolidate power.

六、教会内部既有支持者，也有反对者

The Churches Included Both Supporters and Opponents

新教和天主教内部都有神职人员和信徒支持纳粹政权。

Both Protestant and Catholic churches included clergy and members who supported the Nazi regime.

一些新教人士组成了所谓“德国基督徒”运动。

Some Protestants formed the so-called “German Christians” movement.

他们试图把基督教与纳粹种族主义、民族主义和领袖崇拜结合起来。

They tried to combine Christianity with Nazi racism, nationalism, and devotion to the Führer.

他们甚至试图把耶稣描绘成符合所谓“雅利安”民族观念的人物。

They even tried to portray Jesus in ways that fitted so-called “Aryan” racial ideas.

这是对基督教信仰的严重歪曲。

This was a serious corruption of Christianity.

与此同时，也有认信教会以及潘霍华、尼莫拉等人反对国家控制教会。

At the same time, the Confessing Church and people such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Martin Niemöller resisted state control of the church.

但即使在反对国家干预教会的人中，也不是所有人一开始就清楚而全面地反对反犹主义和纳粹暴政。

Yet even among those who resisted state control of the church, not everyone opposed antisemitism and Nazi tyranny clearly and fully from the beginning.

七、为什么许多基督徒会误选希特勒？

Why Did Many Christians Make the Mistake of Supporting Hitler?

1. 把反共产主义看得高于一切

1. They Made Anticommunism More Important Than Everything Else

一些基督徒认为，只要一个政治人物反对共产主义，就值得支持。

Some Christians believed that any politician who opposed communism deserved their support.

他们没有同时认真审查他的种族主义、暴力、谎言和独裁思想。

They failed to examine his racism, violence, lies, and dictatorial ideas with equal seriousness.

2. 把民族主义和基督教混在一起

2. They Confused Nationalism with Christianity

一些人把“德国民族的复兴”错误地等同于“基督教的复兴”。

Some people wrongly identified the revival of the German nation with the revival of Christianity.

他们认为，只要国家强大、社会有秩序、传统得到恢复，基督教就会得到保护。

They believed that if the nation became strong, order returned, and traditions were restored, Christianity would be protected.

他们没有看到，希特勒真正要求的是对国家和领袖的偶像式忠诚。

They failed to see that Hitler demanded an idolatrous loyalty to the state and to himself.

3. 只听宗教口号，不看实际果子

3. They Heard Religious Words but Failed to Examine the Fruit

纳粹党使用“积极的基督教”等模糊语言吸引教会人士。

The Nazi Party used vague language such as “Positive Christianity” to attract churchgoing people.

希特勒有时也公开谈论神、护理、道德和基督教文明。

Hitler sometimes spoke publicly about God, providence, morality, and Christian civilization.

但他的真实意识形态包含种族主义、反犹主义、暴力和对民主法治的仇恨。

But his real ideology included racism, antisemitism, violence, and hatred of democratic law.

许多人只听见了他所使用的宗教词语，却没有认真察验他的政策和行为。

Many people heard his religious vocabulary but failed to examine his policies and actions carefully.

4. 认为可以利用一个邪恶的强人

4. They Thought They Could Use an Evil Strongman

一些保守派认为，希特勒虽然粗暴，却可以被控制和利用。

Some conservatives believed that Hitler was crude but could be controlled and used.

他们希望利用他压制共产党、恢复秩序并保护自己的利益。

They hoped to use him to suppress communism, restore order, and protect their interests.

结果不是他们控制希特勒，而是希特勒摧毁了他们。

In the end, they did not control Hitler; Hitler destroyed them.

八、从改革宗角度应当怎样评价？

How Should This Be Evaluated from a Reformed Perspective?

第一，正式的基督教身份不等于真实的属灵判断

First, Formal Christian Identity Does Not Guarantee Spiritual Discernment

一个国家即使大多数人都受洗或属于教会，也不表示这个国家真正顺服基督。

Even if most people in a nation are baptized or belong to churches, this does not mean that the nation truly obeys Christ.

马太福音 7:21

Matthew 7:21

“凡称呼我‘主啊，主啊’的人不能都进天国；惟独遵行我天父旨意的人才能进去。”

“Not everyone who says to Me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ will enter the kingdom of heaven, but only the one who does the will of My Father.”

德国的例子说明，名义上的基督教文化不能代替真实的信仰、真理和属灵分辨。

Germany shows that a nominal Christian culture cannot replace true faith, truth, and spiritual discernment.

第二，基督徒不能因为候选人反对一种罪，就忽略他支持其他严重罪恶

Second, Christians Must Not Ignore Serious Evil Because a Candidate Opposes One Evil

希特勒反对共产主义，并不能使他的种族主义、谋杀和独裁变成可以接受。

Hitler’s opposition to communism could not make his racism, murder, and dictatorship acceptable.

以赛亚书 5:20

Isaiah 5:20

“祸哉！那些称恶为善，称善为恶，以暗为光，以光为暗的人。”

“How terrible for those who call evil good and good evil, who call darkness light and light darkness.”

基督徒必须从整体上判断一个政治人物的品格、政策、权力观和真实果子。

Christians must evaluate a political leader’s character, policies, view of power, and actual fruit as a whole.

第三，投票本身并不能保护社会

Third, Voting Alone Cannot Protect Society

高投票率并没有自动阻止希特勒。

High voter turnout did not automatically stop Hitler.

因为许多人虽然投票，却是在恐惧、仇恨、宣传和错误信息的影响下投票。

Many people voted under the influence of fear, hatred, propaganda, and false information.

因此，基督徒不仅要参与投票，还必须学习真理、辨别谎言、拒绝仇恨，并保护法治和制度约束。

Therefore, Christians must not only vote; they must also learn the truth, discern lies, reject hatred, and protect the rule of law and institutional limits.

第四，不能把政治强人当作拯救者

Fourth, Political Strongmen Must Not Be Treated as Saviors

诗篇 146:3

Psalm 146:3

“你们不要倚靠君王，不要倚靠世人；他一点不能帮助。”

“Do not put your trust in princes or in human beings, who cannot save.”

当基督徒因为恐惧而把全部盼望放在一个强势领袖身上时，就很容易失去属灵判断。

When Christians place all their hope in a strong leader because of fear, they can easily lose spiritual discernment.

政治人物可以承担有限的民事职责，但绝不能代替基督。

A political leader may carry limited civil responsibility, but he can never take the place of Christ.

九、直接回答你的问题

Direct Answer to Your Question

希特勒不是被德国人民直接选举为总理的。

Hitler was not directly elected chancellor by the German people.

他的政党通过选举成为第一大党，但在自由选举中从未获得全国过半选票。

His party became the largest party through elections, but it never won a national majority in a free election.

他是在经济危机、民族羞辱、政治瘫痪、反共产主义恐惧、纳粹宣传和暴力，以及保守政治精英误判的共同背景下被总统任命为总理的。

He was appointed chancellor amid economic crisis, national humiliation, political paralysis, fear of communism, Nazi propaganda and violence, and disastrous miscalculations by conservative elites.

当时基督徒并不是普遍放弃投票。

Christians did not generally refuse to vote.

当时投票率很高，而且德国绝大多数人口都名义上属于基督教会。

Turnout was high, and the overwhelming majority of Germans formally belonged to Christian churches.

不少基督徒，尤其是部分新教地区的选民，主动投票支持纳粹党。

Many Christians, especially voters in some Protestant regions, actively voted for the Nazi Party.

天主教选民整体上较少支持纳粹，但天主教群体后来也存在妥协和失败。

Catholic voters were generally less supportive of the Nazis, but Catholic institutions and leaders also later made compromises and failures.

所以，希特勒的上台不能简单解释为“基督徒没有投票”。

Therefore, Hitler’s rise cannot be explained simply by saying, “Christians failed to vote.”

更深刻的教训是：许多基督徒虽然投了票，却没有按照完整的圣经原则辨别政治人物。

The deeper lesson is that many Christians voted, but failed to judge political leaders by the full teaching of Scripture.

他们让恐惧、民族主义、反共产主义和对强人的迷信，压过了对真理、公义、生命和邻舍的责任。

They allowed fear, nationalism, anticommunism, and trust in a strongman to outweigh their duty to truth, justice, life, and neighbor.