出埃及记第1章分析 / Exodus Chapter 1 Analysis

改革宗视角｜Reformed Perspective

中英文逐句对照｜Sentence-by-Sentence Bilingual

英文 ESL 水平｜Simple English

一、本章主题

I. Main Theme

出埃及记第一章描述以色列人在埃及从兴盛逐渐进入受压迫的处境。

Exodus 1 shows how the Israelites grew in Egypt and then came under oppression.

约瑟死后，以色列人的人数越来越多。

After Joseph died, the Israelites became more and more numerous.

新的法老不认识约瑟，也不记念约瑟曾经对埃及的贡献。

A new Pharaoh did not know Joseph or remember what Joseph had done for Egypt.

法老因为惧怕以色列人，就开始压迫他们。

Pharaoh was afraid of the Israelites, so he began to oppress them.

但是，法老越压迫他们，神越使他们增多。

But the more Pharaoh oppressed them, the more God caused them to grow.

这一章让我们看到两个完全不同的王权。

This chapter shows us two very different kinds of kingship.

一个是法老的权力。

One is the power of Pharaoh.

另一个是神至高无上的主权。

The other is the sovereign rule of God.

本章最重要的信息是：人的权势不能破坏神的计划。

The main message is: Human power cannot destroy God's plan.

二、本章结构

II. Structure of the Chapter

1. 以色列人在埃及增多（1:1–7）

1. Israel Grows in Egypt (1:1–7)

2. 新法老起来压迫以色列人（1:8–14）

2. A New Pharaoh Oppresses Israel (1:8–14)

3. 法老命令收生婆杀死男婴（1:15–21）

3. Pharaoh Orders the Midwives to Kill the Baby Boys (1:15–21)

4. 法老命令把男婴丢进尼罗河（1:22）

4. Pharaoh Orders the Baby Boys to Be Thrown into the Nile (1:22)

三、1:1–7——神使祂的百姓生养众多

III. 1:1–7 — God Makes His People Increase

出埃及记 1:7

以色列人生养众多，并且繁茂，极其强盛，满了那地。

Exodus 1:7

The Israelites had many children.

They became very numerous and strong.

The land was filled with them.

出埃及记并不是一个完全新的故事。

Exodus is not a completely new story.

它直接接着创世记继续发展。

It continues the story of Genesis.

创世记结束的时候，约瑟死在埃及。

At the end of Genesis, Joseph died in Egypt.

但是神的应许没有随着约瑟的死亡而结束。

But God's promise did not end with Joseph's death.

1. 神正在成就对亚伯拉罕的应许

1. God Is Fulfilling His Promise to Abraham

神曾经应许亚伯拉罕，他的后裔要成为大国。

God promised Abraham that his descendants would become a great nation.

创世记 12:2

我必叫你成为大国。

Genesis 12:2

“I will make you into a great nation.”

到了出埃及记第一章，这个应许正在明显实现。

By Exodus 1, this promise is clearly being fulfilled.

雅各一家进入埃及时人数很少。

Jacob's family was small when they entered Egypt.

现在他们却已经成为一个庞大的民族。

Now they were becoming a large people.

这不是偶然。

This was not an accident.

这是神信实地成就祂的约。

God was faithfully keeping His covenant.

2. 这里也让我们想到创造时的命令

2. This Also Reminds Us of Creation

创世记1:28中，神说：

In Genesis 1:28, God said:

要生养众多，遍满地面。

“Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth.”

现在出埃及记1:7再次出现类似的语言。

Now Exodus 1:7 uses similar language.

这说明神创造生命，也掌管生命的繁衍。

This shows that God creates life and rules over its growth.

法老后来想减少以色列人的人口。

Later, Pharaoh wanted to reduce Israel's population.

但是神却要使他们增多。

But God wanted them to increase.

所以第一场冲突已经出现了。

So the first conflict has already begun.

法老的计划，对抗神的计划。

Pharaoh's plan is against God's plan.

最终谁会得胜？

Who will win in the end?

答案从一开始就已经确定了。

The answer is already certain from the beginning.

神必得胜。

God will win.

四、1:8–14——不认识约瑟的新王

IV. 1:8–14 — A New King Who Did Not Know Joseph

出埃及记 1:8

有不认识约瑟的新王起来，治理埃及。

Exodus 1:8

Then a new king came to power in Egypt.

He did not know Joseph.

这是整个故事的重要转折。

This is an important turning point in the story.

以前，因为约瑟的缘故，以色列人在埃及受到保护。

Before this, the Israelites were protected in Egypt because of Joseph.

但是现在政治环境改变了。

But now the political situation changed.

新的法老不再记念约瑟。

The new Pharaoh did not remember Joseph.

1. 世界的保护是不稳定的

1. The Protection of the World Is Not Stable

人的政府会改变。

Human governments change.

人的政策会改变。

Human policies change.

人的态度也会改变。

Human attitudes also change.

今天受到欢迎的人，明天可能受到排斥。

People who are welcomed today may be rejected tomorrow.

但是神的约不会改变。

But God's covenant does not change.

神的信实不会改变。

God's faithfulness does not change.

这是改革宗神学非常重要的观念。

This is an important idea in Reformed theology.

我们的安全最终不是建立在人身上，而是建立在神的信实上。

Our final security is not in people, but in God's faithfulness.

五、法老为什么害怕以色列人？

V. Why Was Pharaoh Afraid of Israel?

出埃及记 1:9–10

看哪，这以色列民比我们还多，又比我们强盛。

来吧，我们不如用巧计待他们。

Exodus 1:9–10

“Look, the Israelites have become very numerous and strong.

Come, we must deal wisely with them.”

法老的问题首先是恐惧。

Pharaoh's first problem was fear.

他害怕以色列人越来越强大。

He was afraid that the Israelites were becoming too strong.

于是恐惧产生控制。

Then fear produced control.

控制进一步产生压迫。

Control then produced oppression.

压迫最后发展成杀戮。

Oppression finally developed into killing.

这是罪恶经常发展的过程。

This is often how sin develops.

恐惧 → 控制 → 压迫 → 杀戮。

Fear → Control → Oppression → Killing.

六、1:11–14——苦难越来越严重

VI. 1:11–14 — The Suffering Becomes Worse

出埃及记 1:11

于是埃及人派督工的辖制他们，加重担苦害他们。

Exodus 1:11

So the Egyptians put slave masters over them.

They forced the Israelites to do hard work.

以色列人开始成为奴隶。

The Israelites began to live as slaves.

他们被迫做沉重的工作。

They were forced to do hard work.

他们为法老建造积货城。

They built store cities for Pharaoh.

但是出现了一个非常重要的反转

But Something Very Important Happened

出埃及记 1:12

只是越发苦害他们，他们越发多起来，越发蔓延。

Exodus 1:12

But the more the Egyptians oppressed them, the more the Israelites increased and spread.

这是本章最重要的经文之一。

This is one of the most important verses in the chapter.

法老希望通过苦害减少以色列人。

Pharaoh hoped to reduce Israel through oppression.

结果却完全相反。

But the result was the opposite.

越压迫，他们越增多。

The more they were oppressed, the more they grew.

这里让我们看见神护理的工作。

Here we see God's providence at work.

神甚至能够使用人的恶意来完成祂自己的计划。

God can even use human evil to accomplish His own plan.

这并不是说神认可人的罪。

This does not mean that God approves of human sin.

法老仍然要为自己的罪负责。

Pharaoh was still responsible for his sin.

但是人的罪不能破坏神的主权。

But human sin cannot destroy God's sovereignty.

七、改革宗的重要教义：神的主权与人的责任

VII. A Reformed Doctrine: God's Sovereignty and Human Responsibility

这是出埃及记以后会不断出现的重要主题。

This is an important theme that will appear again and again in Exodus.

神是绝对主权的。

God is completely sovereign.

同时，

At the same time,

人要为自己的行为负责。

People are responsible for their actions.

这两件事同时是真的。

Both things are true at the same time.

法老不能说：

Pharaoh cannot say:

“既然神有计划，所以我没有责任。”

“Because God has a plan, I am not responsible.”

不是这样。

That is not true.

法老的骄傲、压迫和杀戮都是他自己的罪。

Pharaoh's pride, oppression, and killing were his own sins.

然而，即使法老犯罪，神仍然掌管历史。

Yet even while Pharaoh sinned, God still ruled history.

人的罪不能使神失去控制。

Human sin cannot make God lose control.

八、1:15–21——敬畏神的收生婆

VIII. 1:15–21 — The Midwives Who Feared God

法老第一次压迫失败以后，开始采取更加邪恶的方法。

After Pharaoh's first plan failed, he used a more evil plan.

他命令两个希伯来收生婆杀死男婴。

He ordered two Hebrew midwives to kill the baby boys.

她们的名字是施弗拉和普阿。

Their names were Shiphrah and Puah.

出埃及记 1:16

你们为希伯来妇人收生，看她们临盆的时候，若是男孩，就把他杀了；若是女孩，就留她存活。

Exodus 1:16

Pharaoh told them that if the baby was a boy, they must kill him.

If the baby was a girl, they could let her live.

这是非常邪恶的命令。

This was a very evil command.

法老想通过杀害婴儿控制神的百姓。

Pharaoh wanted to control God's people by killing their babies.

九、1:17——全章非常关键的一句话

IX. 1:17 — A Very Important Sentence

出埃及记 1:17

但是收生婆敬畏神，不照埃及王的吩咐行，竟存留男孩的性命。

Exodus 1:17

But the midwives feared God.

They did not do what the king of Egypt told them to do.

They let the boys live.

这里出现了一个非常重要的圣经原则：

Here we see a very important biblical principle:

敬畏神，高过敬畏人。

Fear God more than people.

法老是当时世界上最有权势的人之一。

Pharaoh was one of the most powerful men in the world.

但是两个普通的收生婆却不服从他的邪恶命令。

But two ordinary midwives refused to obey his evil command.

为什么？

Why?

因为她们敬畏神。

Because they feared God.

十、基督徒是否永远都必须服从政府？

X. Must Christians Always Obey the Government?

圣经教导我们应当尊重政府。

The Bible teaches us to respect government.

罗马书13章教导基督徒顺服掌权者。

Romans 13 teaches Christians to submit to governing authorities.

但是政府的权柄不是绝对的。

But the authority of government is not absolute.

政府的权柄是在神的权柄之下。

Government authority is under God's authority.

当政府要求我们做神禁止的事情时，我们不能服从。

When the government commands us to do something God forbids, we must not obey.

当政府禁止我们做神明确命令的事情时，我们必须顺服神。

When the government forbids something God clearly commands, we must obey God.

后来使徒也说：

Later, the apostles said:

使徒行传 5:29

顺从神，不顺从人，是应当的。

Acts 5:29

“We must obey God rather than men.”

所以收生婆的行为是圣经中非常早期的敬虔抗命的例子。

So the midwives give us an early biblical example of godly civil disobedience.

她们不是因为个人利益反抗法老。

They did not resist Pharaoh for personal gain.

她们是因为法老命令她们犯罪。

They resisted because Pharaoh commanded them to sin.

十一、神如何看待这两个收生婆？

XI. How Did God View the Midwives?

出埃及记 1:20–21

神厚待收生婆。

收生婆因为敬畏神，神便叫她们成立家室。

Exodus 1:20–21

God was kind to the midwives.

Because the midwives feared God, He gave them families.

这里再次强调她们的核心动机：

The passage again shows their main motivation:

敬畏神。

They feared God.

圣经不是把她们描述成强大的政治人物。

The Bible does not describe them as powerful political leaders.

她们只是普通人。

They were ordinary people.

但是她们在关键的时候忠于神。

But they were faithful to God at an important time.

这给我们一个很重要的提醒：

This gives us an important lesson:

神常常使用看起来很普通的人完成祂伟大的计划。

God often uses ordinary people to accomplish His great plan.

十二、1:22——法老的罪进一步升级

XII. 1:22 — Pharaoh's Sin Becomes Worse

出埃及记 1:22

法老吩咐他的众民说：“以色列人所生的男孩，你们都要丢在河里；一切的女孩，你们要存留她的性命。”

Exodus 1:22

Then Pharaoh gave this order to all his people:

“Every Hebrew boy that is born must be thrown into the Nile.

But let every girl live.”

现在已经不只是秘密命令收生婆杀人。

Now it was no longer a secret order to the midwives.

杀害婴儿成为法老公开的国家政策。

The killing of babies became Pharaoh's public policy.

法老似乎掌握了一切权力。

Pharaoh seemed to have all the power.

以色列人似乎完全没有希望。

The Israelites seemed to have no hope.

但是这正是第二章开始之前的背景。

But this is the setting before chapter 2 begins.

因为就在法老命令杀害希伯来男婴的时候，

At the very time Pharaoh ordered the Hebrew baby boys to be killed,

神正在预备一个希伯来男婴。

God was preparing a Hebrew baby boy.

他的名字就是——

His name was—

摩西。

Moses.

十三、一个非常奇妙的反转

XIII. A Remarkable Reversal

法老说：

Pharaoh said:

“把男孩丢进尼罗河。”

“Throw the boys into the Nile.”

到了第二章，摩西真的被放进尼罗河。

In chapter 2, Moses really is placed in the Nile.

但是尼罗河没有成为摩西的坟墓。

But the Nile did not become Moses' grave.

反而成为神拯救摩西的道路。

Instead, it became the way God saved Moses.

更奇妙的是，

Even more amazingly,

摩西后来进入了法老自己的家。

Moses later entered Pharaoh's own household.

法老想消灭以色列的男孩。

Pharaoh wanted to destroy Israel's boys.

神却在法老的王宫里养育以色列未来的拯救者。

But God raised Israel's future deliverer inside Pharaoh's own palace.

这就是神的护理。

This is God's providence.

人以为自己正在控制历史，其实历史始终在神手中。

People think they control history, but history is always in God's hands.

十四、从救赎历史来看本章

XIV. This Chapter in Redemptive History

出埃及记不能只看成一个奴隶获得自由的故事。

Exodus should not be seen only as a story about slaves becoming free.

它更深层地讲述了神拯救祂的百姓。

At a deeper level, it is about God saving His people.

这里开始出现一个非常重要的圣经模式：

Here we begin to see an important biblical pattern:

奴役 → 拯救 → 立约 → 敬拜神。

Slavery → Deliverance → Covenant → Worship of God.

后来这个模式会帮助我们理解福音。

Later, this pattern helps us understand the gospel.

以色列人在埃及为奴。

Israel was enslaved in Egypt.

罪人也是罪的奴仆。

Sinners are also slaves to sin.

神借着摩西带领以色列出埃及。

God used Moses to lead Israel out of Egypt.

神最终借着基督拯救祂的百姓脱离罪。

God finally saves His people from sin through Christ.

所以摩西是一个救赎者，但他不是最终的救赎者。

So Moses was a deliverer, but he was not the final Deliverer.

耶稣基督才是那位更大的救主。

Jesus Christ is the greater Savior.

十五、法老与撒但的攻击

XV. Pharaoh and Satan's Attack

从整本圣经来看，这里还有更深的一层属灵争战。

Looking at the whole Bible, we can also see a deeper spiritual conflict.

神已经应许救主要从女人的后裔而来。

God had promised that the Savior would come through the offspring of the woman.

因此，圣经历史中不断出现对神百姓和应许后裔的攻击。

So throughout biblical history, we repeatedly see attacks against God's people and the promised offspring.

法老杀害希伯来男婴。

Pharaoh tried to kill the Hebrew baby boys.

后来希律王也试图杀害伯利恒的男婴。

Later, King Herod also tried to kill the baby boys in Bethlehem.

但人的权力和撒但的攻击都不能阻止神的救赎计划。

But human power and Satan's attacks cannot stop God's plan of redemption.

神所应许的救主最终一定会来到。

The Savior whom God promised would surely come.

十六、改革宗角度的五个重点

XVI. Five Reformed-Theology Lessons

1. 神的约是信实的。

1. God's covenant is faithful.

约瑟死了，神的应许没有死。

Joseph died, but God's promise did not die.

环境改变了，神的计划没有改变。

The situation changed, but God's plan did not change.

2. 神掌管历史。

2. God rules history.

法老是真实的统治者。

Pharaoh was a real ruler.

但法老不是最高的统治者。

But Pharaoh was not the highest Ruler.

神才是。

God is.

3. 神的主权不取消人的责任。

3. God's sovereignty does not remove human responsibility.

神掌管一切。

God rules over everything.

但是法老仍然要为自己的罪负责。

But Pharaoh was still responsible for his sin.

4. 敬畏神高于敬畏人。

4. Fear of God is greater than fear of man.

收生婆面对世界上最有权力的人，却选择顺服神。

The midwives faced one of the most powerful men in the world, but they chose to obey God.

真正的信心会影响我们的实际选择。

True faith affects our real choices.

5. 神常在苦难中推进祂的救赎计划。

5. God often advances His saving plan through suffering.

以色列人的苦难并不意味着神已经离开他们。

Israel's suffering did not mean that God had left them.

事实上，神正在预备出埃及的大拯救。

In fact, God was preparing the great deliverance from Egypt.

十七、对今天基督徒的应用

XVII. Application for Christians Today

我们有时候也会问：

Sometimes we also ask:

“为什么神允许这样的事情发生？”

“Why does God allow this to happen?”

出埃及记第一章没有马上给出所有答案。

Exodus 1 does not immediately give every answer.

第一章结束的时候，以色列人的环境甚至更加糟糕。

At the end of chapter 1, Israel's situation is even worse.

但是读者知道一件以色列人当时可能还看不清楚的事情：

But the reader knows something that the Israelites may not yet clearly see:

神没有忘记他们。

God has not forgotten them.

神正在工作。

God is working.

甚至在人看不见的时候，神仍然在工作。

Even when people cannot see it, God is still working.

所以基督徒的信心不是：

So Christian faith does not say:

“我现在看见解决方法，所以我相信神。”

“I can see the solution now, so I trust God.”

真正的信心是：

True faith says:

“即使我现在看不见出路，我仍然相信神的应许。”

“Even when I cannot see the way out, I still trust God's promise.”

十八、本章三个特别值得讨论的问题

XVIII. Three Important Discussion Questions

问题一

Question 1

为什么神允许以色列人在埃及经历这么严重的苦难？

Why did God allow Israel to suffer so much in Egypt?

这是否说明神已经忘记他们？

Does this mean that God had forgotten them?

答案：不是。

Answer: No.

神正在按照祂自己的时间推进救赎计划。

God was carrying out His plan of redemption according to His own timing.

问题二

Question 2

收生婆不服从法老，是否违反了顺服政府的原则？

Did the midwives break the biblical command to obey government?

答案：没有。

Answer: No.

因为政府没有权柄命令人违背神。

Government has no authority to command people to disobey God.

神的权柄高于国家的权柄。

God's authority is higher than the authority of the state.

问题三

Question 3

为什么法老越压迫，以色列人反而越多？

Why did Israel grow even more when Pharaoh oppressed them?

因为神的旨意不能被人的计划破坏。

Because human plans cannot destroy God's purpose.

箴言 19:21

人心多有计谋；惟有耶和华的筹算才能立定。

Proverbs 19:21

People have many plans in their hearts,

but the LORD's purpose will stand.

十九、一句话总结

XIX. One-Sentence Summary

法老虽然强大，却不能阻止神成就祂的约；在最黑暗的压迫中，神仍然掌权，并正在预备祂的拯救。

Pharaoh was powerful, but he could not stop God's covenant plan; even in the darkest oppression, God was still ruling and preparing His deliverance.

二十、从创世记到出埃及记的连接

XX. The Connection from Genesis to Exodus

最后，这一点特别重要，因为我们刚刚读完创世记。

Finally, this point is especially important because we have just finished Genesis.

创世记最后的问题是：神给亚伯拉罕的应许会怎样继续？

The question at the end of Genesis is: How will God's promise to Abraham continue?

到了出埃及记第一章，我们得到答案。

In Exodus 1, we begin to get the answer.

约瑟死了。

Joseph died.

雅各死了。

Jacob died.

那一代人都过去了。

That whole generation passed away.

但是神还活着。

But God is still living.

人会过去。

People pass away.

世代会过去。

Generations pass away.

君王会更换。

Kings change.

环境会改变。

Circumstances change.

但神的约永不改变。

But God's covenant never changes.

因此，创世记的神仍然是出埃及记的神。

Therefore, the God of Genesis is still the God of Exodus.

祂曾经应许。

He made a promise.

祂现在正在成就。

Now He is fulfilling it.

而整个出埃及记将继续回答一个重要问题：

And the rest of Exodus will continue to answer one important question:

这位守约的神，要怎样把祂的百姓从奴役中拯救出来，使他们成为属于祂、敬拜祂的百姓？

How will this covenant-keeping God save His people from slavery and make them a people who belong to Him and worship Him?